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Glossary -- How to use and cite ancient Rome -- Early Republican Rome : 507-264 BC -- The public face of Rome -- Religion in the Roman Republic -- The Punic Wars : Rome against Carthage -- Rome's Mediterranean empire -- Slaves and freedmen -- Women and the family -- Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus -- Gaius Marius -- The Social War -- Lucius Cornelius Sulla "Felix" -- The collapse of the Republic -- War and dictatorship -- Octavian's rise to power -- The age of Augustus -- The ancient sources

This collection employs a multi-disciplinary approach treating ancient childhood in a holistic manner according to diachronic, regional and thematic perspectives. This multi-disciplinary approach encompasses Classical Studies, Egyptology, ancient history and the broad spectrum of archaeology, including iconography and forensic science. With a chronological range of the Bronze Age to Byzantium and regional coverage of Egypt, Greece, and Italy this is the largest survey of childhood yet undertaken for the ancient world. Within this chronological and regional framework both the social construction of childhood and the child's life experience are explored through the key topics of the definition of childhood, daily life, religion and ritual, death, and the information provided by bioarchaeology. No other volume to date provides such a comprehensive, systematic and cross-cultural study of childhood in the ancient Mediterranean world. In particular, its focus on the identification of society-specific definitions of childhood and the incorporation of the bioarchaeological perspective makes this work a unique and innovative study. Children in Antiquity provides an invaluable and unrivalled resource for anyone working on all aspects of the lives and deaths of children in the ancient Mediterranean world

Cover -- Endorsement -- Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Introduction: Investigating the ancient Mediterranean 'childscape' -- Note -- References -- Part I What is a child? -- 1 The ancient Egyptian conception of children and childhood -- Terminology -- Characteristics of children and childhood -- Childhood markers and "rites of passage": Physical development, body modification, dress and relative social status -- The representation of children's physical development -- Body modification -- Hair -- Tattoos -- Circumcision -- Dress, undress and life stage -- Relative social status, social class and gender -- Social status -- The impact of social class and gender -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 What is a child in Aegean prehistory? -- Before the palaces: the Early Bronze Age Aegean -- Constructions of childhood in the period of the Minoan palaces -- The artistic evidence: a typology of Minoan and Cycladic age grades -- Girls -- Boys -- Discussion: Minoan constructions of childhood -- Age grades, hairstyle and costuming -- Rites of passage and gendered social roles -- Education -- Children and families -- Children as social actors -- Conclusions: what was a Minoan child? -- Mycenaean constructions of childhood -- Mycenaean evidence -- Linear B tablets -- Funerary evidence -- Artistic representations -- Discussion: Mycenaean constructions of childhood -- Conclusions: what was Mycenaean childhood? -- References -- 3 Ideological constructions of childhood in Bronze and Early Iron Age Italy: Personhood between marginality and social ... -- Introduction -- Theoretical framework -- Methodological issues -- Personhood and archaeological theory -- Funerary and field archaeology -- Biology and bioarchaeology.

Religion was integral to the conduct of war in the ancient world and the Greeks were certainly no exception. No campaign was undertaken, no battle risked, without first making sacrifice to propitiate the appropriate gods (such as Ares, god of War) or consulting oracles and omens to divine their plans. Yet the link between war and religion is an area that has been regularly overlooked by modern scholars examining the conflicts of these times. This volume addresses that omission by drawing together the work of experts from across the globe. The chapters have been carefully structured by the editors so that this wide array of scholarship combines to give a coherent, comprehensive study of the role of religion in the wars of the Archaic and Classical Greek world. Aspects considered in depth will include: Greek writers on religion and war; declarations of war; fate and predestination, the sphagia and pre-battle sacrifices; omens, oracles and portents, trophies and dedications to cult centres; militarized deities; sacred truces and festivals; oaths and vows; religion & Greek military medicine

Nucleotide sequence and taxonomy reference databases are critical resources for widespread applications including marker-gene and metagenome sequencing for microbiome analysis, diet metabarcoding, and environmental DNA (eDNA) surveys. Reproducibly generating, managing, using, and evaluating nucleotide sequence and taxonomy reference databases creates a significant bottleneck for researchers aiming to generate custom sequence databases. Furthermore, database composition drastically influences results, and lack of standardization limits cross-study comparisons. To address these challenges, we developed RESCRIPt, a Python 3 software package and QIIME 2 plugin for reproducible generation and management of reference sequence taxonomy databases, including dedicated functions that streamline creating databases from popular sources, and functions for evaluating, comparing, and interactively exploring qualitative and quantitative characteristics across reference databases. To highlight the breadth and capabilities of RESCRIPt, we provide several examples for working with popular databases for microbiome profiling (SILVA, Greengenes, NCBI-RefSeq, GTDB), eDNA and diet metabarcoding surveys (BOLD, GenBank), as well as for genome comparison. We show that bigger is not always better, and reference databases with standardized taxonomies and those that focus on type strains have quantitative advantages, though may not be appropriate for all use cases. Most databases appear to benefit from some curation (quality filtering), though sequence clustering appears detrimental to database quality. Finally, we demonstrate the breadth and extensibility of RESCRIPt for reproducible workflows with a comparison of global hepatitis genomes. RESCRIPt provides tools to democratize the process of reference database acquisition and management, enabling researchers to reproducibly and transparently create reference materials for diverse research applications. RESCRIPt is released under a permissive BSD-3 license at https://github.com/bokulich-lab/RESCRIPt. ; ISSN:1553-734X ; ISSN:1553-7358